This category combines the control that is achievable in AM with the favourable characteristics of smart materials. The developed gripper demonstrates that the proposed concept can be implemented in various applications, including self-morphing structures and soft robotics.įour-dimensional (4D) printing is a rapidly improving category of additive manufacturing (AM).
The results show that the gripper can grip objects with uniform and non-uniform cross-sections. To demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing the proposed designs in practical applications, a hand-like shaped gripper is developed. The self-bending angles of the actuators range from 6.19° to 30.86°, depending on the patterns and arrangement used. The effects of the patterns and their characteristics are analysed and compared. The use of shapes of different sizes along with combinations of different patterns in the PLA actuators is carried out to develop 40 actuators with different designs. Five bioinspired geometrical shapes, namely, circles, squares, hexagons, rhombuses, and triangles, are used in the three-dimensional (3D) printing of the actuators. In this study, the influence of patterns on the strain is tested in polylactic acid (PLA) actuators using patterns made of different shapes. The strain difference in the structures that is caused by the different stiffness profiles can be used to influence the shape-memory effect in the actuators. Four-dimensional (4D) printing of shape memory polymers is a leading research field due to the possibilities allowed by using these materials.
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